Cristian Lacob from the Romanian National Institute for Economic Research offers a definition of a ‘toxic economy’ that helps to explain the Egyptian economy throughout most of its history and particularly during the past four years of the Sisi regime.

Recognition that the most effective project managers to leading disruptive transformation programs/projects need leadership and strategic business management skills. The emphasis on technical skills is beginning to take a back seat to the previously mentioned skills.

SMEs need to innovate in services in order to survive and to create value. Service SMEs are facing the challenge of offering their customers continuously improved or completely new services